Acta Universitatis Danubius. Communicatio, Vol 9, No 1 (2015)

Interpersonal Personality Type as a Result of the Manifestations of Ethnic Groups Individuals from Dobrogea

Mihaela Luminiţa Sandu¹, Ştefan Georgescu², Mihaela Rus³

Abstract. The Romanian people, especially ethnic belonging of the people was one of the people subject to the proletarian dictatorship, which has claimed over a long period study in this area. In the last decade we are witnessing a revival of studies on ethnic groups in Romania. This is due not only progress and the spread of democracy, encouraging linguistic, but also some deeper theoretical perspectives on diversity of ethnicity seen as opposed unification that could bring world economic globalization and scientific and technological. Ethnic groups, social organizations with specific characteristics becomes more pronounced as, the strongest influence their component elements (organizations and institutions) and through their people. Differences between ethnic groups become noticeable if we refer to the organization and functioning of families in urban and rural communities, ways to produce goods or ways to spend your free time. The difference of the ethnic groups, however, does not stop here. They are obvious and if it investigates the ways in which group members analyze and interpret them. By how they are managing their own ethnic groups, rules of internal organization, the statuses and roles of men, the ways in which they are sanctioned adverse behaviors and encourage behaviors that may be favorable, the illustrations and pictures about them, they generate especially the people involved in their operation, ethnic organizations causes people to act as their members, maintain self-awareness and ethnic groups to preserve. Currently in Romania live, learn and work together membership of several ethnicities such as Romanian, Hungarian, Saxon, Székely, Bulgarians, Armenians, Russians, Turks, Tatars, Roma, Macedo and so on, each with its own cultural particularities, characteristics known little or unknown to others.

Keywords: interpersonal; personality; ethnic; groups

1. Introduction

Romanian people, especially ethnic groups belonging to this people, was one of the people subject to the proletarian dictatorship, which has claimed over a long period study in this area. The last decade witnessed a new revival of studies on ethnic groups in Romania. This is due to progress and the spread of democracy, encouraging linguistic, and also to some deeper theoretical perspectives on diversity of ethnicity seen as opposed unification that could bring world economic globalization and scientific and technological.

Ethnic groups, social organizations with specific characteristics becomes more pronounced as, the strongest influence their component elements (organizations and institutions) and through their people. Differences between ethnic groups become noticeable if we refer to the organization and functioning of families in urban and rural communities, ways to produce goods or ways to spend your free time. The difference of the ethnic groups, however, does not stop here. They are obvious and if it investigates the ways in which group members analyze and interpret them.

By how they are managing their own ethnic groups, rules of internal organization, the statuses and roles of men, the ways in which they are sanctioned adverse behaviors and encourage behaviors that may be favorable, the illustrations and pictures about them, they generate especially the people involved in their operation, ethnic organizations causes people to act as their members, maintain self-awareness and ethnic groups to preserve.

Currently in Romania live, learn and work together membership of several ethnicities such as Romanian, Hungarian, Saxon, Székely, Bulgarians, Armenians, Russians, Turks, Tatars, Roma, Macedo and so on, each with its own cultural particularities, characteristics known little or unknown to others.

2. Research Objectives

• identify and compare the types of relationships that are established between people of other ethnic Romanian groups from Dobrogea;

• establishing the typology of ethnic relations and extracting types of positive relationships to society and based on community.

3. Hypothesis

Interpersonal personality type as result of the manifestation of the individual ethnic group, its interaction with all other members of ethnic groups in Dobrogea, is geared towards solidarity and altruism.

4. Study Participants

The research was conducted on a sample of 350 participants no probabilistic study, consisting of 50 representatives each for each ethnic group, both Romanian ethnics as the majority population and the other six ethnic communities, namely: Armenians, Gypsies, Russians, Lipoveni Turks, Tatars, Greeks.

With our resources we conducted this research on a total sample of 350 people, with 50 people for each layer (ethnicity). In this case, with equal replications and acceptable sizes were able to make comparisons.

The number of 50 participants from each ethnic group was chosen for economic reasons, the distribution of ethnic curers with low weight to ethnic representative, and that the distribution of localities where these people live is dissipated, which required effort identification, have been arguments that helped to establish the number of participants from each ethnic group. Equal number of them is important for comparative analyzes, the results are valid in terms of the distribution of participants in the seven ethnic groups.

Selection of subjects within each ethnic group was accomplished by methods no probabilistic arbitrarily (convenience samples - people arbitrarily chosen by the interviewer or the people who volunteer) snowball method (selection of chain - respondents offered behalf of other respondents belonging to the population of interest) and the method which imposed quotas elections employment quotas (indicating the frequencies of individuals with certain characteristics), the operator being able to find it quotas corresponding single persons indicated. Population characteristics are preset according to criteria such as age, gender biologically, to coincide with the structure of the parent population.

5. Methodology

Whatever the perspective, the methodology is a key element of any attempt to justify the theoretical and practical research findings. Due to the specific topic of interdisciplinary research practice will be held on a mixed methodology related to sociology and social psychology.

Since qualitative research builds a complex picture, involving descriptive aspects about the size issue analysis, noting that the theme of this PhD thesis is of utmost importance constructing a social reality, retrieving meanings and cultural and ethnic specificity of Dobrogea. The whole case study focuses on this area of south-eastern Romania, trying to highlight the values ​​that define members of ethnic communities to structure the whole problem analyzed thematically.

One of the tools used is the test for revealing the dynamics of interpersonal relationships Bales, Robert Freed American psycho sociologist designed by Bales (1970), which investigates interpersonal relationships, measuring the degree of sociability. The questionnaire contains 26 items, with answers bivalent (Annex 3), which captures six orientations (trends) group opposing the manifestation of personality: dominance-submission, sociability, isolation, conservatism-radicalism, denoted by initials: U - D, P - N, F - B.

In order to make a diagnosis in the space group relations we approached interpersonal personality assessment method using the same name questionnaire prepared by RF Bales (1970). Interpersonal personality can be described as that level of personality that appears in the picture all group members as result of the manifestation of the individual in the group, its interaction with all other members of the group, as an expression of group work, the nature of specific and concrete conditions of group (Metrophanes, 2009). The same author believes that in the process, the human personality through interaction tends to specialize in different types of psychosocial behaviors, depending on its structure factor and the actual conditions psychosocial environment evolves.

Bales, notes that interpersonal personality cannot be established on any type of group, but the groups that have a history that was made earlier, that acted more time as the current structure in which members are know well each other. From this perspective, the seven members of the ethnic groups involved in our study meet the requirements of Bales.

6. Results and Discussion

In an attempt to identify the type of interpersonal personality, the seven ethnic groups participating in the study, we conducted an analysis of frequencies of letters that establish codes, to put degrees to coordinates based on the highest number of evaluations included trends occurring that give the final position of the subject.

Legend of Table 1.

UPF – oriented to solidarity and social progress;

UPB - oriented emotional support and enthusiasm;

UP - oriented social success;

UNF - oriented autocratic authority;

UNB - oriented individualism and gratification;

UF - group loyalty and cooperation;

UB - value relativism and expression;

U - type material success and power;

PF - oriented selfless love;

PB - oriented permissive liberalism;

P - oriented towards equality;

NF- oriented objectivity;

F - oriented conservative beliefs of the group;

DPF - oriented salvation through love;

DPB - oriented identification type the underprivileged;

DP- oriented trust the welfare of others;

DF- oriented self-knowledge and subjectivity;

DB - oriented noncooperation;

D - oriented self-esteem;

AVE-oscillating medium multidirectional (Toward a balanced Average in all directions);

Table 1. Distribution data for interpersonal personality profile according to ethnicity

In order to identify the type of interpersonal figure for each individual was considered “end-directional synthetic indicator” may be formed not only from three points, the difference between them is less than 3 points. In this case, analyzing the profiles of 350 participants in the study, we note that the type of interpersonal personality who identify with most of the participants is the type UPF (orientate to solidarity and social progress

6.1. Type UPF – Oriented to Solidarity and Social Progress

People with this personality type tend to specialize in solidarity group members to ensure its social progress. Progress is a factor related with high positive interaction in the group. They are often seen as democratic leaders. Take initiative in leading the group and guide them towards achieving the fundamental interests of the group. Manifested very much interest and group tasks are regarded as the most valuable people in this regard. Correctly perceive their position and role in the group and are correctly perceived by others. Tend to address the group as a whole, and sometimes too much centered on the general interests, ignores the private ones. It has a great factor involved in the interaction.

Tend to power, but I do not particularly have the strongest position in the group. These people are friendly and humanitarian, are sociable, consistent, active, dominant. They are characteristic of ego strength and intellectual efficiency, high social status, social participation and ability to play roles.

UPF type in Bales's psychosocial Character logy occupies a super-anterior position in the three-dimensional model of the author and is oriented towards solidarity actions and social progress, able and accepted collective action leading the group. Operation positioning the person in the group is determined primarily by group members’ retro-evaluation, cumulative actions of the person concerned. Therefore the profile resulting from the self is secondary. This personality type is considered copyright “progressive”.

Another type of personality that occurs with greater frequency, resulting in the pooled analysis for the entire sample, it is the type PF (oriented selfless love).

6.2. Type PF – Oriented to Selfless Love

It is located on the front of the space-positive group by group members. They are pleasant, friendly, task oriented and value. Its main characteristic is generosity, both emotionally and in terms of task group. Therefore, it is noted by providing emotional support and disinterested aid in the task. It is egalitarian, serious and common sense understanding of the group. Others respond to attempts orientation task, but take the initiative.

In carrying out its values are moving towards a full of tenderness and gentle selfless love and generosity. Central value seems to be the attitude of love, but it is an erotic love, but human love, selfless. Optimistic, altruistic and idealistic. Tends to specialize in agreeing the ideas and values. It is more involved in interaction than generating interaction. Its interaction received level is high, and the total interaction is initiated medium occupies a strategic position in the network interact. Demonstrates conscientiousness and ability to play roles.

Still remaining within the overall analysis, the entire sample of participants, we note that the following type of personality that occurs with higher frequency is the type UP (oriented social success).

6.3. Type UP - Success Oriented to Social

It's a social, outgoing, tends to dominate, but also open and friendly. Generate positive interactions in the group. Encourage group members and helps them establish positive relationships between them and to openly express their opinions and suggestions. It is considered a valuable element to fulfill its tasks. Despite its popularity and social success deserved, it overestimates generally in the warmth and its contribution to group tasks, but overestimates the others in terms of understanding, although in other respects tends to appreciate properly. Self-image has an inappropriate expansion due to overvaluation. It has a great contribution to the initiation and group interaction tends to take the lead, showing a high degree of social responsibility.

It is often popular leader of the group. Its feature is the application and issue relational information and opinions. Other members want to address suggestions. Tends to address more than the group, as a whole, but without neglecting to address and each member. It is distinguished by a high social status through social participation, dominance, sociability, leadership skills and the ability to play roles.

The analysis performed on the sample we conclude that a large number of people (33) compared with those who have other types of interpersonal personality are group-oriented tasks through involvement selfless giving emotional support and selflessly help other group members. Are also oriented towards progress and to achieve a high social status.

Because in addition to these types positive to say, there are people who have their opposite types oriented disengagement and withdrawal, we appreciate that people who have previously analyzed interpersonal personality types can function as a binder in groups, contributes to the good cohesion thereof.

But for us it is very important to analyze interpersonal personality types for each ethnic group separately. We consider the first three types, which appear highest frequency for each ethnic group.

Romanians predominant personality type in our group of participants in the study, the type of P. Main orientation tend to equal distribution of power among group members by decentralizing power structure and uniform statutes. Therefore, we conceive of others as equals without even tends to dominate, or to obedience. Friendly, sociable and informal. Interested in the others as individuals with needs, motives and feelings of their own, which they conceive as important as his.

His reasoning seems to be quietly: There should be equality for everyone, because we are all human beings. It is modest, not overestimate, but tends to overestimate the others in terms of contribution to the task. Generate positive group interaction liked and admired. Group perceives differently and campaigning for his uniform. It stands at an average level in terms of interaction initiation. Possess the following traits: intellectual efficiency, ego strength, social participation, sociability, consistency, emotional stability, social responsibility.

The next type who is owned by a number of 9 Romanians is the type UP, which I previously reviewed. This is a social type that is oriented towards social success, being more oriented towards the interests of the group only to personal interests.

The third type of personality is the type identified in eight Romanian PF type also previously analyzed. And this type of personality is geared towards the positive profile of the group, being characterized by selfless love, friendship, generosity and tenderness, but these are not passive, but involved in the interaction between group members, which gives the possibility to put the agree with the ideas and values of the group.

In conclusion, we can say that most Romanians are an ethnic group oriented to study, participant- interaction, for understanding the other group members, even selfless and generous to help them and that they feel comfortable in the group. However, would like all members to be at the same level as in a collective effort to achieve social success.

Turning our attention now to the Turkish ethnic group, we see that most of them have a personality type UPF oriented solidarity and social progress (Table 60). This type is task oriented and value, as he is the more participants, careers and other ethnic groups.

The second type of personality that I find the Turks is the kind AVE (oscillating medium multidirectional).

It is characterized mainly by inconsistency and average oscillator untargeted, irrelevant in the sense of achievement on the dimensions of interpersonal space group belongs to. He's a rambling, ambiguous, contradictory, unstable, paradoxical. The oscillatory behavior is a type potential, possible and hardly known. Also, the type of multidimensional environment is confusing, lacks confidence, changing attitudes and opinions, sometimes very active and sometimes quiet, withdrawn and inactive. Not centered on any one of the directions of achievement in interpersonal relationships, show a high capacity and is often creative restructuring.

The next type of personality identified by frequency of occurrence, the type UP, interpersonal personality type is oriented towards social success (this was previously analyzed).

Referring to the Turkish ethnic group, based on the above, we can say that the Turks do not have a cohesive group, some are aimed at achieving social success, for affirmation, for solidarity and progress, while others remain withdrawn, lacking confidence, not oriented interaction to knowledge, with the two-way to know and to let know, showing the instability involved in group tasks.

Like the Turks, Tatars presents part of UPF type oriented solidarity and social progress (Table 58).

The second type of personality that you find the Tartars with higher frequency is the type DPF (oriented salvation through love).

6.4. Type DPF - Oriented Achievement by Love

It is submitted, yet friendly oriented task group and to value. It is always ready to attend and listen to others, to confess their mistakes and comply. It is respectful, loving, gentle, idealistic and altruistic.

Central value is the love of people and looking for the issue and request them to solve any human problem.

The third type of personality identified in members of the Tatar ethnic group is the type PF type oriented selfless love, the type that was previously analyzed at the overall picture.

Unlike the Turks, Tatars exhibit a positively oriented, with tendencies to dominate in the group, but at the same time and trends to fulfill the task group and its orientation towards value. Due to its central value is the love of people, agreeable, friendly, outgoing and always ready to put its disinterested.

Next we analyze the group profile Greek prevails as the Turks and Tatars personality type UPF oriented solidarity and social progress (Table 58).

The next type of personality, with much lower frequency of occurrence of the first, but worth taking into account is the type PF type oriented selfless love.

The third type of personality found in the ethnic group of the Greeks is the type of DP (oriented trust the welfare of others).

6.5. Type DP Oriented Trust in the Goodness of Others

Friendly, calm, non-opposable somewhat submissive and ready to admire others. There is no task-oriented or for expression, but show affection towards others and overestimate them in kindness. Tends to believe in the other group members and identify with them. Feels that people are good and tends to imitate, to submit to them and follow somewhat. In making his own values oriented towards trust in the goodness of others.

Manifesting: sociability, sensitivity, understanding, level of aspiration low.

The Greeks have a predominantly positive guidance, but while some are oriented towards progress and prosperity, another part is really quite low numbers, is geared towards helping selfless love and manifesting a deep affection for others can lead the overvaluation of the goodness of others. Because trust in the goodness of other group members, have a level of self-esteem, which makes them imitate and follow others. The group is a good thing, there are those people oriented progress, giving balance and cohesion of the group.

Unlike other ethnic groups, Roma presents the numerical, scattering in almost all interpersonal personality types identified.

Interpersonal personality types that occur with the highest frequency increased but it is very limited as the number of people being equal, are the types UPF oriented solidarity and social progress, UP, success oriented social and UNB.

The first two types of interpersonal personality were previously analyzed. We now analyze the type UNB (oriented individualism and gratification).

6.6. Type UNB - Strongly Oriented towards Individualism and Gratuity

Seems to dominate, is confident, hostile to others and do not support the authority. It has highly developed sense of ownership and personal pleasure, consistently pursuing his own interests only achievement. It is egocentric, deviant, take advantage of others as much as offering very little in return. The group is considered to exhibit very low tendency towards egalitarianism and grasps it.

Based on the above, we conclude that the Roma are split in the group, different personality types directing them to different values. On the one hand, they are oriented towards solidarity, centered on the general interests of the group, the group with the desire to lead social progress, others are oriented towards achieving social success even by the group, encouraging others to express their opinions and suggestions, but on the other hand, there are personality types within the ethnic group that are geared towards individualism and achieving personal pleasure only, pursuing their own interests.

Looking further interpersonal personality profiles, we see that it is their distribution if Lippovan Russians. Personality type that we find a significant number of Russian-Lippovan is the type PF type is oriented and selfless love that has been previously analyzed.

In a pretty big difference, identify the type UPF-oriented solidarity and social progress and was also previously analyzed. At a very short distance of the previous type, but on par with each other, identify types and F (oriented conservative beliefs of the group). DPF type is oriented towards achievement by love and has previously been analyzed, and we remain to consider the type F.

6.7. Type F - Group Oriented to Conservative Beliefs

It is well oriented to the task and value. It's moderately conservative sense, is concerned with group work on preserving the existing rules.

Militates and preoccupied by the performance of the group of tasks proposed or imposed. Trying to achieve valuable ideas of the group and to shape opinions. Trends show no dominance or submission.

Reaches for the truth and to solve the basic problems of the group, seeking the best solutions. Is experienced, but do not try to impose their personal opinions and interpretations. In performing their values tend to preserve the best beliefs of the group. It stands at an average level in the interaction, safety tends to stir curiosity and self-image.

Based on personality types identified Lippovan Russians, we can say that they are very much oriented towards love, towards acceptance of beside them that everything I do, I do with love and dedication that exists in their group solidarity and oriented humanitarianism are friendly, consistent and socially. But the group there are people who are oriented to preserve the ethnic group and group oriented toward preserving existing rules. From this point of view are more conservative, trying to safeguard their values, customs and traditions of the group.

As Lippovan Russians, interpersonal personality type that prevails in the group of Armenians is the type PF type oriented selfless love, too often analyzed previously.

On par with the first type, in terms of frequency and identify the type UPF(oriented solidarity and social progress throughout the field), but at a considerable distance from the two types of interpersonal identify personality type and type UF (oriented group to loyalty and cooperation) UP (oriented social success). The first type is oriented towards social success, and was previously analyzed, accounting for us in this case, the task to look at the second question type UF.

6.8. Type UF - Oriented Group to Loyalty and Cooperation

It is located at the top-front of the space group by group members. Take the initiative and lead in issuing group suggestions. In relations with others is impersonal in the sense affective neutrality, therefore not consistent friendly nor unfriendly. In developing its own values and guiding behaviors specialize in generating loyalty and cooperation in the group.

It is strongly task oriented and value. His reasoning seems to be silent: “A group cannot accomplish the task without the voluntary cooperation of everyone.” The group is identified with a more general, impersonal get loyalty all members and conflict resolution. I do understand that others should not be individualistic. Reach for the authority and is often the position of a democratic leader. Possess the ability to transform through persuasion individualistic behaviors in cooperative behaviors. The finality of his actions is reflected in the growth coefficient of participation of each member of the group to achieve common task in distribution objective, impartial and impersonal rewards and gratifications. Its coefficient of initiation and acceptance of group interaction is high, but the individual addressing is relatively low. Pay more attention to the group as a whole tends to ignore component members. Generates little tension and fun group.

Manifesting: high social status, social participation, dominance, sociability, leadership skills, consistency, stiffness impersonal self and self-refinement, weak neurotic tendencies, the ability to play roles.

Armenians participating in the study, as an ethnic group are positively oriented personalities, to love and solidarity. What is specific to a number of people in this group, which is not found in other ethnic groups is loyalty and cooperation in the group. When you have accomplished a task that aims group, they are the ones who settle the conflict, if somehow water and persuasion leads his group to become loyal to carry out the task and achieve social progress, but not own benefit but for the benefit of the group.

Analysis of interpersonal personality for the entire sample of participants, and for each ethnic group separately, revealed the existence in this region of Dobrogea profiles positively oriented towards self-help, to a selfless love, though in some ethnic cohesion is stronger than others, all leading to social progress and even to trust in the goodness of others. This is evident by the fact that most groups oriented personality type appears selfless love. The only ones who are strongly oriented towards individualism and gratuity are Roma, but only some of them, others trying to impart positive interactions within the group. The distribution is quite spread in types of personality, we can conclude, based on frequency of other types that are geared towards Roma negative aspects, facing self demerits (type D), to refraining from cooperation (type DB), the oscillatory and multidirectional environment (type RD). But ethnic groups, people who have a positive orientation towards self-help and egalitarianism can and have the ability to balance the force field so as to attract others in carrying out focused on the general interests of the group.

7. Conclusions

The results of our research in terms of interpersonal personality type analysis of participants in the study are comparable to some extent with the results of a study conducted in the four major regions of the country, namely Dobrogea, Muntenia, Moldova and Transilvania, to identify and comparing the types of relationships that are established between people of different ethnic Romanians and the main regions of the country (Frăţiman & Bentu, 2006).

Most of our respondents from all ethnic groups have an interpersonal personality type UPF - oriented solidarity and social progress, tending to power, but I do not particularly have the strongest position in the group. These people are friendly and humanitarian, are sociable, consistent, active, dominant. They are characteristic of ego strength and intellectual efficiency, high social status, social participation and ability to play roles. Romanians predominant personality type in our group of participants in the study, the type P - oriented towards egalitarianism, and the Turks is UPF, as if the population studied. Referring to the Tartars can say that it keeps the same personality type as if the Turks and the entire population, respectively UPF. These people show a lot of interest for group tasks and are regarded as the most valuable people in this regard. Correctly perceive their position and role in the group and are correctly perceived by others.

Returning to the previously mentioned study at national level in each region was taken into account only two ethnic groups are representative of the region. Thus, Dobrogea were involved in the study Romanians and Turkish Tatars. The results showed that Romanians interpersonal personality type - UF: loyalty and cooperation oriented group. In developing its own values and guiding behaviors specialize in generating loyalty and cooperation group, strongly task oriented and value. It has a great ability to transform through persuasion individualistic behaviors in cooperative behaviors. Pay more attention to the group as a whole tends to ignore component members, generating less tension and a good mood in the group. The results also reveal a personality type for Turkish-Tatar - DP: oriented trust in the goodness of others. Friendly, calm, non-opposable somewhat submissive and ready to admire others. In making his own values oriented towards trust in the goodness of others. Feels that people are good and tends to imitate, to submit to them and follow somewhat. (Frăţiman & Bentu, 2006)

The same type of personality UP is also found for the Romanians in our research, but in second place, within walking distance of UF type (20% versus 18% for type UP). This enables us to affirm that our findings concur with the research confirming the existence of a tolerant and cooperative framework in Dobrogea, even here many ethnic groups live together and share a territory that has historically supported many administrative upheaval. Models based on positive relationships differ mainly due to interpersonal personality traits of the inhabitants.

From the perspective of our study, we can say that the seven participating ethnic groups are oriented to some extent for all five styles, comprising a lesser or greater part or most of the features that make each style. Based on their results (interpersonal personality ethnic groups) according to ethnic model Dobrogea obtained can be considered the most representative style tolerant, having common points and differences in personality type UPF - oriented solidarity and social progress, with emphasis dominant, consistent, active.

In our research, interpersonal personality type who identify with most of the participants in the study is oriented such solidarity and social progress. Manifested very much interest and group tasks are regarded as the most valuable people in this regard. Correctly perceive their position and role in the group and are correctly perceived by others. Tend to address the group as a whole, and sometimes too much centered on the general interests, ignores the private ones. Have a great factor involved in the interaction.

A harmonious personality developed and integrated into the field of values of a culture leads to the idea of correct behavior through a process of critical selection of norms and values that society recognizes. It is precisely the relationship between society and personality culture emphasizes social efficiency, its force shaping the social action and the deflection resistance to other norms and values

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